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陈振宇,殷赵霞,占鸿渐等.隐含异位联合编码的密文图像可逆信息隐藏[J].中国图象图形学报,
CHEN Zhenyu,YIN Zhaoxia,ZHAN Hongjian,et al.Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on combined encoding method containing the opposite bit[J].Journal of Image and Graphics,
目的
2
密文图像可逆信息隐藏技术旨在将信息嵌入至加密图像，以确保信息和原始图像能够准确提取和无损恢复。针对密文图像可逆信息隐藏嵌入率不高的问题，通过增加编码的信息运载效率与利用相邻像素相关性，提出了一种位平面隐含异位联合编码的密文图像可逆信息隐藏方案。
方法
2
首先，图像所有者将原始图像分成大小相等的块，并计算出原始图像像素的预测误差。然后，对预测误差的八个位平面进行重排。在位平面压缩阶段，运用隐含异位的联合编码方法进行压缩。压缩后，各类辅助信息被放置到多个高位平面并加密，在多个低位平面上预留空间，结束后进行图像混洗。信息隐藏者将信息嵌入到混洗图像的预留空间中。最后，图像接收者使用密钥提取嵌入的信息或无损恢复原始图像。
结果
2
实验结果表明，所提算法在两个常用数据集BOSSBase和BOWS2上的平均嵌入率分别为3.818 3bpp和3.694 3bpp，在同类算法中表现优异。
结论
2
所提算法更好地利用原始图像相邻像素间的相关性解决了实际应用中连续比特流串长度较短、数量较多带来的压缩率损失问题，从而提升了嵌入率。
Objective
2
The technology of reversible data hiding in encrypted images （RDHEI） aims to embed secret information into encrypted images， ensuring that both the secret information and the original image can be extracted and restored without loss. This technology is gaining increasing attention from researchers and is widely applied in cloud services to protect users’ privacy. Currently， RDHEI can be mainly divided into two categories： the VRAE （vacating room after encryption） algorithm and the RRBE （reserving room before encryption） algorithm， based on the order of image encryption and room operation. The VRAE algorithm vacates room by compressing the pixels of the encrypted image. Due to the high information entropy of the encrypted image， the compression of the image only yields a limited amount of room. The RRBE algorithm primarily compresses the image utilizing pixel correlation， and then encrypts the image. Since there is a smaller information entropy of the original image， more room is reserved before encryption. To improve the performance of the reversible data hiding in encrypted images algorithm， a new RDHEI scheme based on bit-plane compression containing opposite bits， leveraging the correlation between the encoding information delivery efficiency and adjacent pixels， is proposed in this paper.
Method
2
Firstly， to ensure the utilization of the correlation between adjacent pixels， bit-plane rearrangement and pixel prediction methods are adopted. First， the image owner divides the original image into several equally sized blocks and calculates the prediction errors of the original image pixels. Then， the eight bit-planes of the processed image are rearranged. In the phase of bit-plane compression， we present a combined encoding method containing the opposite bit. Specifically， the image bitstream is divided into continuous and discontinuous streams for compression， based on the length threshold. After compressing a continuous bitstream string， the next opposite digit at the end of the string is included， meaning each long compressed bitstream adds an opposite digit. According to this rule， the rearranged images are compressed and sequentially placed in each high-level plane with additional information. Encryption and scrambling operations occur at this point. Then， the room in the low-level plane is vacated and the information hider embeds the data into the reserved room of the encrypted image. Finally， the image receiver extracts the original image or secret information without loss based on the different keys used.
Result
2
To evaluate the effectiveness of this algorithm， we provide experimental comparisons with six advanced methods on six standard test images and two common datasets， namely， BOSSBase and BOWS2. The embedding rate is used to measure algorithm performance， while PSNR and SSIM indicators serve as quantitative evaluation metrics for lossless reversible recovery. The experimental results show that the average embedding rates of the proposed algorithm on the BOSSBase and BOWS2 datasets are 3.818 3bpp and 3.694 3bpp， respectively， demonstrating superior performance compared to similar algorithms. PSNR and SSIM are constant values equal to +∞ and 1， which indicates that the algorithm is reversible.
Conclusion
2
The proposed algorithm utilizes the image correlation of the original image and effectively explores the potential of the encoded and compressed information during the encoding and compression process. It addresses the issue of compression loss caused by the short and large number of continuous bitstream strings in practical applications， thereby improving compression efficiency and enhancing the embedding rate.
密文图像可逆信息隐藏隐含异位压缩联合编码预测误差位平面嵌入率
reversible data hiding in encrypted imagecontaining opposite bit compressioncombined encodingprediction errorbit-planeembedding rate
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