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收稿日期：2021-03-15，
修回日期：2021-05-12，
录用日期：2021-5-19，
纸质出版日期：2021-08-16
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由于高光谱图像包含了丰富的光谱、空间和辐射信息，且具有光谱接近连续、图谱合一的特性，可用于地质勘探、精细农业、生态环境、城市遥感以及军事目标检测等领域的目标精准分类与识别。对高光谱图像进行空谱特征提取是遥感领域的研究热点和前沿课题之一。传统空谱特征提取方法对高光谱图像分类的计算量和样本需求小、理论可解释性好、抗噪声能力强，但应用于分类的精度受限于特征来源；基于深度学习的高光谱图像空谱特征提取方法虽然计算量和样本需求大，但是由于深层空谱特征的表达能力更好，可以大幅度提高分类器的性能。为了便于对高光谱图像空谱特征提取领域进行更深入有效的探索，本文系统综述了相关研究进展。首先，概述了空间纹理与形态学特征提取、空间邻域信息获取及空间信息后处理等传统高光谱空谱特征提取方法的原理，对大量的已有工作进行了梳理、分析与总结。然后，从深度空谱特征提取角度出发，介绍了当前流行的卷积神经网络、图卷积神经网络及跨场景多源数据模型的结构特点及研究进展，分析、评价了基于深度学习的网络模型对高光谱图像空谱特征提取的优势及问题所在。最后，对该研究领域的未来相关发展提出建议并进行了展望。
Hyperspectral imaging spectrometers collect radiation data from the ground in many adjacent and overlapping narrow spectral bands at the same time. The hyperspectral image (HSI) usually has hundreds of bands. Each of these bands contains the reflected light value within the specified range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus
the HSI contains a wealth of spectral and radiation information. The development of remote sensing imaging technology has increased the spatial resolution of HSI data obtained by hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. Therefore
HSI can be applied to accurately classify ground objects in various fields
such as geological exploration
precision agriculture
ecological environment
scientific remote sensing
and military target detection. However
many challenges and difficulties are encountered in classification applications because HSI has a large dataset
multiple bands
and strong band correlation. Specifically
the number of dimensionalities of HSI is often more than the number of available training samples. The lack of training samples and high computational cost are the inevitable obstacles in practical classification applications. Dimensionality reduction methods are often used to project HSI data into low-dimensional feature spaces for avoiding "Hughes" phenomenon. Spatial information can help create a more accurate classification map given the high probability of adjacent pixels belonging to the same category. In recent years
an increasing number of studies have applied spatial and spectral information to further improve the accuracy of classification. According to the characteristics and combination of spatial information
spectral information
and classifiers
the methods of spatial-spectral feature extraction for HSI can be defined into three types: spatial texture and morphological feature extraction
spatial neighborhood information acquisition
and spatial information post-processing. For the first type
spatial texture or morphological features (e.g.
Gabor
local binary pattern
and morphological attribute features) are extracted in advance to preprocess the spatial information of pixels. In other words
spatial features are extracted through certain structures and rules
and then
the obtained features are sent to the classifier. The second method directly combines the relationship between the pixel and its spatial neighborhood pixels into the classifier. Spatial-spectral information is directly constructed into the classification models (e.g.
sparse/collaborative representation of joint spatial information and kernel-based spatial information extraction and classification) through mathematical expressions. As a result
feature extraction and classification can be completed simultaneously. In the third category
spectral features are first classified. Then
the obtained classification results are corrected through spatial information post-processing methods (e.g.
random fields
bilateral filtering
and graph segmentation) to further improve the classification accuracy. The traditional spatial-spectral feature extraction method for HSI has small computation
good mathematical theory foundation and explanation
and strong robustness against noise. However
the traditional spatial-spectral feature extraction methods mostly design shallow feature extraction schemes manually
which involves a lot of expert experience and parameter setting and thus affects the ability of feature expression and learning. For HSI data
scattering from other objects can distort the spectral properties of the interest object. In addition
different atmospheric scattering conditions and intra-class variability cause difficulty in extracting spatial-spectral features by traditional methods. Deep neural network has many advantages
such as learning representative and discriminant features
improving information representation through deep structure
and realizing automatic extraction and representation of features. Thus
higher accuracy of HSI classification will be achieved by designing the structure of deep network reasonably. In this study
the application of spatial-spectral feature extraction from deep learning is expounded and analyzed from the perspectives of convolutional neural network (CNN)
graph neural network (GNN)
and multi-source data cross-scene model. CNN shares weights and uses local connections to extract spatial information effectively. CNN model cannot generally adapt to local regions with various object distributions and geometric appearance because it convolves regular square regions with fixed size and weights. GNN model can represent many potential relationships between data with graphs. As a result
GNN can be applied for spatial-spectral feature extraction and classification for HSI. In some scenes (e.g.
complex city scenes)
different ground objects composed of the same material or substance need to be distinguished through shape
elevation
texture
and other information. Light detection and ranging data can be used to describe the elevation of the scene and the height of objects and obtain the spatial context and structural information without the effect of time and weather. Therefore
multi-sensor data can be considered to build joint-feature space for more accurate classification in some special scenes. In recent years
spatial-spectral feature extraction techniques for HSI have greatly progressed and achieved satisfactory results. However
the following problems need to be solved. 1) The methods of traditional and deep spatial-spectral feature extraction can be combined to fully utilize their respective advantages. 2) The small-sample-size and over-fitting problems from deep neural network need to be overcome through designing semi-supervised learning
active learning
or self-supervised learning models. 3) Using GNN to train HSI will lead to high computational cost and large memory usage. Thus
the model oriented to reduce the computational complexity should be studied. 4) Combining multi-source data from different sensors should consider reasonably unifying and complementary expressing multi-source data features. 5) Using multi-temporal
hyperspectral
and multi-perspective information to simultaneously mine spatial-spectral-temporal joint-feature information of complex dynamic targets has become a new frontier. 6) Using multi-temporal
hyperspectral and multi-perspective information to simultaneously extract spatial-spectral-temporal features of complex dynamic targets has become a new frontier. 7) With the progress of space remote sensing technologies in China
domestic hyperspectral data will receive more and more attention for research. 8) According to the development trend of big data and machine intelligence
the research on spatial-spectral feature extraction and classification of hyperspectral image based on the combination of applied domain knowledge and hyperspectral data will be a hot topic. From two sides of the traditional and deep spatial-spectral feature extraction in this study
the research status is systematically sorted out and comprehensively summarized. The existing problems are analyzed and evaluated
and the future development trend is evaluated and prospected.
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