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纸质出版日期： 2020-10-16 ，
录用日期： 2020-07-18
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孟琭, 李镕辉. 新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)医学影像AI诊断研究进展[J]. 中国图象图形学报, 2020,25(10):2058-2067.
Lu Meng, Ronghui Li. Progress of artificial intelligence diagnosis and prognosis technology for COVID-19 medical imaging[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2020,25(10):2058-2067.
2020年3月，世界卫生组织（World Health Organization，WHO）宣布新型冠状病毒肺炎（corona virus disease 2019，COVID-19）为世界大流行病，疫情的爆发给世界各地医疗系统带来巨大压力。现有的COVID-19诊断标准是核酸检测阳性，然而核酸检测假阴性率高达17%~25.5%，为避免漏诊，需要采用基于影像学的AI诊断方法筛查大量疑似病例，扼制疾病传播。本综述将回顾疫情爆发数月以来，基于医学影像的新冠肺炎AI辅助诊断的研究成果。首先介绍CT（computed tomography）和X光片的优缺点，以及COVID-19的放射学特征，然后对数据准备、图像分割和分类识别等AI诊断的关键步骤分别进行阐述，最后介绍COVID-19的跟踪和预后（预先对疾病后续发展过程及结果的判断和估计）。本文还整理了部分公开的COVID-19相关数据集，并对数据标注不足的问题提供了弱监督学习和迁移学习等解决方案。实验验证，AI系统诊断COVID-19的敏感性达到97.4%，特异性达到92.2%，优于放射科医生的诊断结果。其中表现尤为突出的是基于语义分割网络检测COVID-19感染区域，由此可以定量分析感染率。AI系统可以辅助医生诊断和治疗COVID-19，提高放射科医生阅读X光片和CT的效率。
In March 2020
the World Health Organization(WHO) declared the new corona virus pneumonia (COVID-19) as a world pandemic
which means that the epidemic has broken out worldwide. The outbreak of COVID-19 threatens the lives and property safety of countless people and brings great pressure to medical systems. The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever
cough
and fatigue
which may lead to a fatal complication: acute respiratory distress syndrome. The main challenge in inhibiting the spread of this disease is the lack of efficient detection methods. Although reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for confirming COVID-19
it takes 4-6 h to obtain the results
and the false-negative rate of RT-PCR detection is as high as 17%-25.5%. Therefore
multiple RT-PCR detections at intervals of several days must be performed to confirm the diagnostic result. In addition
RT-PCR reagents are lacking in many severe epidemic areas. By contrast
X-ray and CT(computed tomography) examination equipment have been widely popularized in hospitals. In clinical practice
by combining clinical symptoms and travel history
CT is an efficient and safe method to diagnose COVID-19. Compared with CT
X-ray examination has faster scanning speed and lower radiation amount. Moreover
X-ray and CT images are important tools for doctors to track and observe the condition and evaluate the efficacy. In summary
medical imaging plays a vital role in limiting the spread of viruses and treating COVID-19. During the outbreak of the epidemic
medical imaging-based AI-assisted diagnostic technology has become a popular research direction. Computer-aided diagnostic technology improves the sensitivity and specificity of doctors' diagnosis and is accurate and efficient
which helps rapid diagnosis of a large number of suspicious cases. For example
the out preformed AI-assisted diagnosis system can achieve an accuracy rate comparable to that of radiologists
and it take less than 1 second to perform a diagnosis. The system has been used in 16 hospitals
with more than 1 300 diagnoses performed daily. This article reviews the latest research works on AI-assisted diagnosis of COVID-19 and analyzes and summarizes them on the basis of four aspects: data preparation
image segmentation
diagnosis
and prognosis. First
this article organizes some public data sets to support the AI-assisted diagnostic technology of COVID-19 and provides several solutions to insufficient datasets
such as the human-in-the-loop strategy
which improves the efficiency of data set production. Using transfer learning
weakly supervised or unsupervised learning can reduce model's dependence on the COVID-19 dataset. Second
the semantic segmentation network is also an indispensable part of the intelligent diagnosis of COVID-19. Segmenting the lung region from the original image is a key pre-processing step
which can reduce the calculation amount of subsequent algorithms. The lesion area helps the doctor to track the condition of the disease
and the infection rate can be calculated according to the size of the infected area. U-Net
U-Net++
and attention U-Net are suitable for the segmentation of medical images because of the small number of parameters
which is not easy to overfit. Furthermore
training the semantic segmentation network with the idea of the generative adversarial network (GAN) can improve the Dice coefficient. Third
this article introduces the AI diagnostic system from two aspects of CT images and X-rays. Comparing different diagnostic schemes
the method of diagnosis based on the segmentation images is better than that based on the original images. Among the classification networks
ResNet and VGG19(visual geometry group 19-layer net) perform better. Methods such as GAN
location attention mechanisms
transfer learning
and combining 2D and 3D features can be used to improve accuracy. In addition
clinical information (travel and contact history
white blood cell count
fever
cough
sputum
patient age
and patient gender) can be used as a basis for diagnosis. For example
algorithm D_FF_Conic uses clinical information as a diagnostic basis and has reached an accuracy rate of 90%. Clinicians will consider medical imaging and clinical information in the process of diagnosis
but the current AI diagnostic system cannot integrate multiple types of data for diagnosis. Although some algorithms can fuse the diagnostic results of medical images with the diagnostic results of clinical information
the simple fine-tuned algorithm haven't learned the deep internal connection between different types of data. Fourth
AI technology can also predict high-risk patients on the basis of infection rates and clinical information. Some research predicted the survival rate of COVID-19 patients on the basis of age
syndrome
and infection rate. Such algorithms can help doctors find and treat high-risk patients early
thereby reducing mortality
which is of great significance. This article shows the latest progress of COVID-19's medical imaging-based AI diagnosis. Although some AI-assisted diagnostic systems have been deployed in hospitals to play a practical role
these algorithms still have some problems
such as insufficient training data
a single diagnostic basis
and the ability to distinguish between non-COVID-19 pneumonia and COVID-19.
人工智能新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)图像分割计算机辅助诊断感染区域分割
artificial intelligenceCOVID-19image segmentationcomputer aided diagnosisinfection region segmentation
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